Outlines of comparative physiology; touching the structure and development of the races of animals, living and extinct for the use of schools and colleges
Louis Agassiz
Paperback
(RareBooksClub.com, May 9, 2012)
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1851 Excerpt: ...n bloodvessels. In Eunices, they have a Branchiae of pectinated form, and in Aphrodita they are placed the Arenicola. on scales along the back. In the Hirudo (fig. 178) a series of vesicles lined with mucous membrane, and richly supplied with blood vessels, are regarded as respirating sacs. § 383. Fishes respire by branchiae, or gills, for the support and-protection of which a complicated framework of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and muscles is provided; the form and arrangement of this apparatus varies in the different families and genera. It may, however, be classified into--1st. The lingual bone and branchiostegous rays; 2nd. The branchial arches; 3rd. The opercula or gill covers. The gills are for the most part attached to the branchial arches, which extend from the sides of the os hyiodes, backwards to the cranium. They are, in general, four in number on each side of the head, and are composed of numerous lamellae, placed closely together, and arranged in a regular series over the whole external convex margin of the branchial arches, like the barbs of a feather, or the teeth of a comb. Everything is arranged to afford the greatest possible extent of surface for the contact of the water with the mucous membrane on which a rich vascular network is spread. In the common ray, the extent of surface of the mucous membrane of the gills is estimated at 2250 square inches. In osseous fishes, as the pike and perch, the gills adhere by their superior border, and are covered by moveable opercula. In the cartilaginous genera, as the rays and sharks, they are attached by both borders, and there are no opercula; the water, which in the former enters by the mouth and escapes by the opercula, in the latter is expelled by a series of fissures situated at the sides...